Molecular docking analysis of amyloid precursor protein with compounds from the Australian cowplant

Amyloid precursor protein is linked with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The Australian cowplant Gymnema sylvestre is known in Indian and Chinese medicine. Therefore, it is of interest to screen the Amyloid precursor protein with compounds from the Australian cowplant. We report five compounds (Gymnemasaponin 5, Gymnemasin D, Gymnemoside A, Gymnemoside E, Gymnemoside F) derived from the Australian cowplant as the poteinal inhibitors of Amyloid precursor protein with optimal binding features for further consideration.


Background:
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most frequent form of neurodegenerative disorder and the most prevalent cause of dementia commonly affecting the elderly people. It is well known that AD has complex various pathogenic factors, for example ©Biomedical Informatics (2020) genetic factor, environmental factor, immunological factor, head injuries, depression, or hypertension [1][2][3][4][5]. Among these factors, genetic factors are probable to attribute about 70% to the danger for AD [6]. As well, genetic analyses have confirmed that, personality differences of AD could be resulted from many genes and their variants, which apply a variety of biological functions in coordination to improve the risk of the disease [7, 8,9]. Except for spot out the mechanisms drawn in in the AD pathogenesis, wideranging analyses of possible candidate genes could propose novel possible strategies to predictive or diagnostic test for AD. Hence in the present study we aimed to construct the current experimentally supported network of direct human protein interactions, explore it for potential target proteins for AD. Gymnema sylvestre is (commonly named as Gurmar, family: Asclepiadaceae) is one of the well known plant used in diabetic conditions and is officially mentioned in Indian Pharmacopoeia [10]. This plant has been proved for its various medicinal properties like anticancer, antimicrobial, antiarthritic [11]. Therefore, it is of interest to screen the Amyloid precursor protein with compounds from the Australian cow plant

Methodology: Protein network constructions and hub identification:
Alzheimer's disease related protein network was constructed in cytoscape software [12]. Hub proteins were selected using the cytohubba plugin software [13].

Ligand Preparation:
Known compounds from Gymnema sylvestre was collected from literature. The corresponding data was downloaded from pubchem database in SDF and converted to the PDB format using Online Smiles Translator. Energy minimizations of ligands were done using ChemBio 3D Ultra 12.0.

Target protein:
High Resolution crystallographic structure of Amyloid beta protein (PDB ID: 1AAP) was downloaded from the RCSB PDB database [14].

Molecular Docking analysis:
The PatchDock server [15,16] was used for the docking of Known compounds from Gymnema sylvestre was collected from literature with the Amyloid beta protein (PDB ID: 1AAP)

Results and Discussion:
In the present study Hub protein identification was performed using cytohubba. Cytohubba results were calculated based on Maximal Clique Centrality algorithm. Ten proteins were identified as most interactive proteins in the network. Among ten, the top most protein with Rank 1 was Amyloid precursor protein ( Figure  1). It is an integral membrane protein expressed in many tissues and concentrated in the synapses of neurons. This Amyloid precursor protein is considered as a potential target for Alzheimer's disease. Hence in the present study it was taken as target protein for molecular docking studies. Compounds from Gymnema sylvestre was used for docking studies with Amyloid precursor protein and the interaction were analyzed. In the molecular docking paradigm, the ligand with more negative binding energy is considered more successful and more potent than to the one with less or positive binding energy. In the present study, results from PatchDock analysis revealed that the binding affinity of selected natural compounds gives significant result. For this study we took 26 phytocompounds from Gymnema sylvestre.
Based on the results of docking studies best five were shown in This ligplot analysis shows the hydrogen bonding and the length of their interaction with the key residues of the Amyloid precursor protein in the active site pocket. Among the residues which play a vital role in the mechanisms of action we found that the ALA 9, THR11, TYR22, THR26 are the main interacting amino acids residues (Figure 2).

Conclusion
We report five compounds (Gymnemasaponin 5, Gymnemasin D, Gymnemoside A, Gymnemoside E, Gymnemoside F) derived from the Australian cowplant as poteinal inhibitors of the Amyloid precursor protein with optimal binding features for further consideration.

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