Astrovirology and terrestrial life survival

Microbial organisms have been implicated in several mass extinction events throughout Earth's planetary history. Concurrently, it can be reasoned from recent viral pandemics that viruses likely exacerbated the decline of life during these periods of mass extinction. The fields of exovirology and exobiology have evolved significantly since the 20th century, with early investigations into the varied atmospheric compositions of exoplanets revealing complex interactions between metallic and non-metallic elements. This diversity in exoplanetary and stellar environments suggests that life could manifest in forms previously unanticipated by earlier, more simplistic models of the 20th century. Non-linear theories of complexity, catastrophe, and chaos (CCC) will be important in understanding the dynamics and evolution of viruses.


Abbreviations
Building upon their work, we explore additional environmental and microbiological parameters that could influence the emergence and evolution of life, across extraterrestrial environments.By drawing parallels with terrestrial events, we hypothesize similar or divergent outcomes on exoplanets under analogous or unique conditions.The application of complexity, catastrophe, and chaos (CCC) theories is central for modeling non-linear, conditional scenarios that offer a more nuanced understanding than simply linear models.

Challenging the goldilocks hypothesis: Insights from multifactorial exo-planet research:
The Perryman exoplanet handbook emerges as a critical resource, challenging the oversimplified goldilocks hypothesis through its exhaustive compilation of exoplanetary research.This data-driven book forecloses the inadequacy of single-factor theories for the origins of life and in explaining habitability of exoplanets.Advancements in astronomy and chemistry highlight the necessity for further technological innovation.Also, theoretical sophistication allows us to deepen our understanding of possible exoplanetary events.However, caution is advised against drawing definitive conclusions, as anomalies necessitate ongoing reassessment and refinement.The advent of quantum computing and neural networks is revolutionizing both our field as well as invigorating the search for extraterrestrial life by facilitating computational analyses [3][4][5].
Limiting the problem to Earth-bound molecular biology and biochemistry, because it is terrestrial (and the only life ever detected), neglects the wider panoramas needed to evaluate the origin of life elsewhere, without missing it.Given the single occurrence of life as seen on the Earth, there have been cataclysmic events.At least five en mass extinction events occurred during Earth's planetary history.Are such events anticipated for life discovered elsewhere?Will extinction events be analogous among divergent life forms and their disparate biochemical and environmental conditions?Moreover, will such extinction events be engendered while terrestrial life is propagated throughout the solar system?An important corollary question is when does extra-terrestrial intelligence (ETI) develop in an exobiological history?On Earth, intelligence (defined scientifically) developed among mammals, presumably serendipitously, after five mass extinctions [3-6].
The five terrestrial mass extinctions are briefly listed as follows: [ Metallicity, volatility, exoplanet atmosphere temperatures: The realm of metallicity and potential life forms underscores the vastness of conditions under which life might exist.We previously addressed the issue of metallicity and diverse possible forms of extraterrestrial life.Perryman's insights into the properties of metals and other elements, based on their condensation temperatures, offer a nuanced view of the cosmos's chemical diversity.From ultra-refractory to highly volatile elements, the classification paves the way for envisaging life forms, radically different from those on Earth.Moreover, the temperature ranges actually observed in exoplanet atmospheres, reaching up to several thousand degrees Kelvin, further complicate the search for life.The detection of aluminum oxide in the atmosphere of WASP-43b, for instance, demonstrates the variety of chemical environments that must be considered in the search for extra-terrestrial life.This diversity, coupled with the evolving capabilities of available analytical methods, suggests many future discoveries, as the depths of space are probed for signs of life beyond our solar system.Among this plethora of conditions, many different life forms might develop that would be utterly divergent from terrestrial life.The actual temperature ranges of exoplanets are relevant in concert with these descriptions of metallicity and volatility.Among a plethora of observations of atmospheric metals, for example, Chubb and colleagues identified aluminium oxide (AlO) in the WASP-43b atmosphere, which is 835 o K (For comparison, as an example of a setpoint limit, Al transitions to free ionic Al+ at 3,000 o K) [3, 23, 24].

Biodefense:
Terrestrial viruses, in addition to the recent SARS pandemic, include many extreme untreatable pathogens, termed risk group-4 (RG-4) viruses.Biodefensive measures that are taken against such viruses should also include terrestrial microorganisms that evolve into pathogens, off-world.Interestingly and along these lines, there is a clear danger of spreading terrestrial-derived micro-organisms via space-probes with or without astronauts.In addition, tholins are found throughout the solar system and have been demonstrated to be nutritional substrates for microorganisms in terrestrial laboratories.As a post-script, Biodefense must be extended to life or life-products that include metallicity [23, 25-28].A pervasive hazard is that terrestrial-derived microbes as well as extra-terrestrial microbiota may utilize tholins as an energy source substrate, thus providing a means for serendipitous spread.

Conclusion:
We briefly examine several key issues relating to exovirology, exobiology, and the search for the origin of life, including exoplanet atmospheres, a variety of extinction events on Earth, and several characteristics of the elements.Much work needs to be done to relate their significance for the origin of life.Nonetheless, they illustrate the diversity of conditions that exist on exoplanets.Due to the exigencies of randomness, extreme conditions, and CCC theory (for non-linear analysis), there is considerable room for additional work and this approach benefits from continued technological advancement.Whatever may be life's antecedents, more than one molecular premise range should be anticipated.Moreover, rigorous statistics should be engaged, in which dissimilar types of probabilities stated under diverse conditions and for unrelated types of life need to be accomplished.In fine, continued increased complexity may lead to catastrophic-chaotic singularities and attractor-centers.
Abbreviations: NIH = National Institutes of Health CDC = Centers for Disease Control WHO = World Health Organization Note: Goldilocks: Goldilocks conditions include extreme and non-extreme terrestrial environments where life exists.Astrovirology and Astrobiology: expanding the framework: Stedman et al. provided a comprehensive review of astrovirology and Schwieterman et al. thoroughly investigated exoplanetary biosignatures indicative of life [1-2].Building upon their work, we explore additional environmental and microbiological parameters that could influence the emergence and evolution of life, across extraterrestrial environments.By drawing parallels with terrestrial events, we hypothesize similar or divergent outcomes on exoplanets under analogous or unique conditions.The application of complexity, catastrophe, and chaos (CCC) theories is central for modeling non-linear, conditional scenarios that offer a more nuanced understanding than simply linear models.

Unraveling intra-solar and extra-solar system life:
It should be noted that the combined masses of the asteroids, meteors, and comets are less than 10 -5 % mass of the solar system.This finding reduces the probability that viable organisms could have been carried among the planets in our solar systems, let alone among stars and their extra-solar systems.It has been hypothesized, though, that protosolar systems already contain organic precursors.
[3,]royed due to asteroid/meteor impact[11].It should be noted that durations between extinctions are 65, 75, 50, 135, and 65 million years.Additionally, note that the probability of survival across the entire duration, since the beginning of terrestrial life is 0.15 x 0.20 x 0.04 x 0.50 x 0.25 = 0.00015.The survival chance of cellular life since the beginning is 0.015%.However, many factors are missing from this simple calculation, including the change from RNA to DNA life at the beginning, the influence of viruses and other microbial forms of life, and the effects exerted by evolutionary changes in biochemistry and molecular biology.Thus, during the extinctions, viruses, bacteria, and fungi, may have increasingly infected animals and plants, as their health deteriorated.(Paradoxically,virusesare currently the most numerous life forms on the Earth.[2])Complexity,chaos, and catastrophe (CCC) theory studies are germane and needed [12-13].Sustained and increased complexity may lead to catastrophe-chaos points, due to non-Darwinian 'forces', yet to be identified.These CCC points would be analogous to mathematical singularities and attractor-centers.semi-majoraxes,eccentricities, and stellar parameters alongside transit references[3, 15].Furthermore, the mass composition of our solar system includes: total mass of the planets 446.6M⊕, total mass of satellite/moons 0.104M⊕, total mass of asteroids 0.0003M⊕, and total mass of meteors and comets 10 −9 M⊕. (M⊕ is the mass of the Earth) [3, 16].Diversity is apparent and these variances, especially the contrast between the silicate and iron cores of terrestrial planets and the gas giants' hydrogen and helium atmospheres, suggest a broad spectrum of conditions under which the emergence of life, as we understand it, could occur.Conversely, though, unlike current conditions, life appeared on Earth under reducing not oxidizing atmospheric conditions [3, 20].