Title

Risk group-4 virus emergent threats

Authors

Paul Shapshak^1,*, Seetharaman Balaji², Charurut Somboonewit¹, John T. Sinnott¹ & Francesco Chiappelli³

Affiliation

¹Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33606, USA; ²Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India; ³UCLA Center for the Health Sciences, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA; *Corresponding author

Email

Paul Shapshak - E - mail: pshapshak@gmail.com

Seetharaman Balaji - E - mail: s.balaji@manipal.edu

Charurut Somboonwit - E - mail: charurut@usf.edu

John T. Sinnott - E - mail: johntsinnott@gmail.com

Francesco Chiappelli - E - mail: chiappelli.research@gmail.com

Article Type

Editorial

Date

Received April 1, 2025; Revised April 30, 2025; Accepted April 30, 2025, Published April 30, 2025

Abstract

Several Filovirus outbreaks occurred during 2021-2025 in Africa. The case fatality ratios (CFRs) were elevated as expected for these viruses. After outbreaks were termed terminated, nonetheless, due to virus pathogenicity and transmissibility, epidemics continued unabated. To mitigate future outbreaks and bolster pandemic preparedness, collaborative global strategies should continue and expand.

Keywords

World Health Organization (WHO), NIH, NIAID, CDC, risk group 4 (rg-4) virus pathogens, filovirus (Ebola, Marburg and Sudan viruses), biosafety laboratory (BSL)-4, emergent virus, global warming, ecology, vector, reservoir, virulence, case fatality rate, Africa.

Citation

Shapshak et al. Bioinformation 21(4): 721-724 (2025)

ISSN

0973-2063

Publisher

Biomedical Informatics

License

This is an Open Access article which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. This is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.