Title

Cardiovascular risk factors and life expectancy in India: A retrospective study

Authors

Prashant Kumar¹, Venkata N. Bhavani Penmathsa², Daisy Bacchani³, Rahul Tiwari^4,*, Heena Dixit Tiwari⁵, M.C Prashant⁴, Deepak Sharma⁵ & Tohid Ali⁴

Affiliation

¹Department of Cardiology, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India; ²Dr Pinnamaneni Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Foundation (PSIMS and RF), Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India; ³Department of Microbiology, Vyas Medical College and Super Speciality Hospital, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India; ⁴Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, RKDF Dental College and Research Centre, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India; ⁵Department of Medical Health Administration, Index Institute, Malwanchal University, Index City, Nemawar Road, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India; *Corresponding author

Email

Prashant Kumar - E-mail: pkumar_rims@yahoo.com
Venkata N. Bhavani Penmathsa - E-mail: bhav06@gmail.com
Daisy Bacchani - E-mail: daisybacchani41@gmail.com
Rahul Tiwari - E-mail: drrahulvctiwari@gmail.com
Heena Dixit Tiwar - E-mail: drheenatiwari@gmail.com
M.C Prashant - E-mail: pillaiprasant@yahoo.com
Deepak Sharma - E-mail: drdeepaksharma@yahoo.com
Tohid Ali - E-mail: dr.tohidali@yahoo.com

Article Type

Research Article

Date

Received September 1, 2025; Revised September 30, 2025; Accepted September 30, 2025, Published September 30, 2025

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of adult mortality in India. Hence, we retrospectively analyzed electronic records of 4,812 adults from two tertiary hospitals to quantify major CVD risk factors and their association with survival and estimated remaining life expectancy (LE) at age 40 using Chiang’s abridged life table with Sample Registration System (SRS) background rates. Hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, smoking and obesity were frequent (≥20% each). Adjusted Cox models showed stepwise higher mortality with increasing risk-factor count (≥3 vs 0: HR 1.92; 95% CI 1.49–2.48; p<0.001). Estimated LE at 40 declined from 39.6 (0 factors) to 33.2 years (≥3). Findings underscore intensified primary prevention.

Keywords

Cardiovascular disease, risk factors, life expectancy, India, retrospective cohort, survival analysis.

Citation

Kumar et al. Bioinformation 21(9): 3242-3245 (2025)

Edited by

Akshaya Ojha

ISSN

0973-2063

Publisher

Biomedical Informatics

License

This is an Open Access article which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. This is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.