Title

Immunohistochemistry as a diagnostic tool in pathology

Authors

Divya Jayagopal^1,*, K.H Kantharaju², Himanshu Shekhar³, Akita Gopinath⁴, Pukur I. Thekdi⁵ & Pushya K. Babu⁶

Affiliation

¹Department of Pathology, ACS Medical College, Velappanchavadi, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; ²Department of Pathology, FAME (Farookh Academy of Medical Education), Near Ilavala, Hunsur Taluk, Mysore, India; ³Department of General Medicine, Medinirai Medical College and Hospital, Medininagar, Jharkhand, India; ⁴Department of General Medicine, Sree Balaji Medical College Hospital, Chromepet, Chennai-44, India; ⁵Department of General Surgery, Dr. N. D. Desai Faculty of Medical Science and Research, Dharmsinh Desai University College Road, Nadiad, Kheda, Gujarat, India; ⁶Department of Pathology, JSS medical college, Bannimantap A Layout, Bannimantap, Mysuru, Karnataka, India; *Corresponding author

Email

Divya Jayagopal - E-mail: drdivyaj03@yahoo.com; Phone: +91 8072969617
K.H Kantharaju - E-mail: docjk007@yahoo.com; Phone: +91 8105259057
Himanshu Shekhar - E-mail: hshekhar1907@gmail.com; Phone: +91 7677799579
Akita Gopinath - E-mail: akitagopinathgopal@gmail.com; Phone: +91 9895853839
Pukur I. Thekdi - E-mail: pukurthekdi@gmail.com; Phone: +91 8320510515
Pushya K. Babu - E-mail: pushyakbabu2004@gmail.com; Phone: +91 8296644944

Article Type

Research Article

Date

Received October 1, 2025; Revised October 31, 2025; Accepted October 31, 2025, Published October 31, 2025

Abstract

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is an important tool in pathology and allows visualization of antigens when obtaining tissue specimens from patients and employs labeled antibodies directed against those antigens. IHC is helpful to improve tumor classification, identify pathogens and discover prognostic markers when distinguishing features are absent or minimized by morphological assessment. As routine IHC has emerged over the years, monoclonal antibodies and further development of automated stainers allow for increased sensitivity and specificity of antigens assessed by IHC. Since cancer classification relies upon IHC to subtype cancers, define the origin of metastases and to administer targeted therapy, IHC remains a valuable and necessary process for clinical pathology. Innovations continue to be made in IHC, such as new biomarkers, multiplexing and fluorescent technology.

Keywords

Immunohistochemistry, diagnostic pathology, tumor markers, monoclonal antibodies, tissue staining

Citation

Jayagopal et al. Bioinformation 21(10): 3595-3598 (2025)

Edited by

A Prashanth

ISSN

0973-2063

Publisher

Biomedical Informatics

License

This is an Open Access article which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. This is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.