Title

Assessment of lixisenatide-induced nephropathy in chick embryos: Implications for prevention of diabetic kidney disease

Authors

Amit Kumar Srivastava^1,*, Aishwarya Srivastava², Rohini Srivastava³, Swati Yadav⁴, Jyoti Batra⁵ & Yogesh Yadav⁶

Affiliation

¹Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Datia, Madhya Pradesh, India; ²Department of Biochemistry, Naraina Medical College and Research Centre, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India; ³Department Pathology, Naraina Medical College and Research Centre, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India; ⁴Department of Anatomy, Santosh Medical College and Hospital, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India; ⁵Dean Research, Central Research Facility, Santosh Deemed to be University, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India; ⁶Department of Anatomy, Saraswathi Institute of Medical Sciences, Hapur, Uttar Pradesh, India; *Corresponding Author

Email

Amit Kumar Srivastava - E-mail: amitsrivastava48@gmail.com
Aishwarya Srivastava - E-mail: aishwaryasrivastava720@gmail.com
Rohini Srivastava - E-mail: drrohinisrivastava29@gmail.com
Swati Yadav - E-mail: drswatiyadav2011@gmail.com
Jyoti Batra - E-mail: drjyotibatra89@gmail.com
Yogesh Yadav - E-mail: dryogeshanatomy@gmail.com

Article Type

Research Article

Date

Received October 1, 2025; Revised October 31, 2025; Accepted October 31, 2025, Published October 31, 2025

Abstract

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a major cause of end-stage renal disease and the direct renal effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists remain underexplored. Using a hyperglycemic chick embryo model (n=120), we evaluated dose-dependent nephroprotective effects of lixisenatide. Hyperglycemia induced renal hypertrophy, histological injury, oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. Lixisenatide, particularly at high doses, significantly ameliorated these changes, normalizing kidney-to-body ratios and reducing MDA, TNF-α and caspase-3 activity. Thus, we show that lixisenatide directly preserves renal structure and function independent of systemic metabolic control.

Keywords

Lixisenatide, diabetic kidney disease, chick embryo, nephroprotection, GLP-1 receptor agonist, oxidative stress.

Citation

Srinivastava et al. Bioinformation 21(10): 3926-3930 (2025)

Edited by

Vini Mehta

ISSN

0973-2063

Publisher

Biomedical Informatics

License

This is an Open Access article which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. This is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.