Title

Salivary and serum alkaline phosphatase as biomarkers in type 2 diabetes mellitus: Association with periodontal health and disease

Authors

Kinjal Desai¹*, Bela Dave², Tanya Nagrani³, Reena Chaudhary⁴, Avani Patel⁵ & Shalini Gohil⁶

Affiliation

¹Department of Periodontology, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India; ²Department of Periodontology, AMC Dental College and Hospital, Khokhara, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India; ³Department of periodontology & Implantology, Siddhpur Dental College and Hospital, Siddhpur, Gujarat, India; ⁴Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Siddhpur Dental College and Hospital, Siddhpur - 384151 Gujarat, India; ⁵Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology and Oral Microbiology, Narsinhbhai Patel Dental College and Hospital, Visnagar Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, Gujarat, India; ⁶Department of Periodontology, Founder and chief dentist at Family Dental Clinic, Olpad, Surat, Surat - 395007, Gujarat, India; *Corresponding author

Email

Kinjal Desai - E-mail: kinjaldesai3894@gmail.com
Bela Dave - E-mail: beladave@gmail.com
Tanya Nagrani - E-mail: tanyanagrani6@gmail.com
Reena Chaudhary - E-mail: drreena0702@gmail.com
Avani Patel - E-mail: avani157@gmail.com
Shalini Gohil - E-mail: shalini3545@gmail.com

Article Type

Research Article

Date

Received November 15, 2025; Revised December 15, 2025; Accepted December 15, 2025, Published December 15, 2025

Abstract

Chronic periodontitis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) requires reliable biomarkers for early detection and monitoring. Therefore, it is of interest to evaluate serum and salivary alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in 90 participants divided into healthy controls, diabetics with healthy periodontium and diabetics with chronic periodontitis. Salivary and serum ALP levels increased progressively across the groups and were significantly highest in diabetics with periodontitis (p < 0.001). Strong correlations were observed between salivary ALP, serum ALP and periodontal parameters such as probing depth and clinical attachment loss. Salivary ALP shows strong potential as a non-invasive biomarker for periodontal tissue destruction in diabetic patients.

Keywords

Alkaline phosphatase, type-2 diabetes mellitus, chronic periodontitis, saliva, biomarker, periodontal disease.

Citation

Desai et al. Bioinformation 21(12): 4559-4563 (2025)

Edited by

Hiroj Bagde

ISSN

0973-2063

Publisher

Biomedical Informatics

License

This is an Open Access article which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. This is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.