Title

Management of type 2 diabetes mellitus using Yoga: Implications for immunological and autonomic dysfunction

Authors

C.A. Rukadikar¹, M. Geetha², A.M. Dixit³, K. Renuka⁴, R. Vinoth⁵, S. Nishad⁶, A.R. Rukadikar⁷ & M.K. Singh⁸*

Affiliation

¹Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India; ²Department of Nursing, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India; ³Department of Community Medicine/Dean Research MRU, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India; ⁴Department of Nursing, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India; ⁵Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India; ⁶Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India; ⁷Department ofMicrobiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India; ⁸Multidisciplinary Research Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India; *Corresponding author

Email

CA Rukadikar - E-mail: charuruks11@gmail.com
M Geetha - E-mail: geetham@aiimsgorakhpur.edu.in
K Renuka - E-mail: drrenukak@aiimsgorakhpur.edu.in
R Vinoth - E-mail: rvinoth351@gmail.com
AM Dixit - E-mail: dnana2791@gmail.com
S Nishad - E-mail: samikshanishad2016@gmail.com
AR Rukadikar - E-mail: atulruks@gmail.com
MK Singh - E-mail: mantabya321singh@gmail.com

Article Type

Review

Date

Received November 15, 2025; Revised December 15, 2025; Accepted December 15, 2025, Published December 15, 2025

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction, leading to systemic inflammation and autonomic nervous system impairment. Diabetic autonomic neuropathy and cardiac autonomic neuropathy significantly increase risks of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Metabolic disturbances such as oxidative stress, polyol pathway activation and AGEs contribute to progressive neuronal and microvascular injury. Emerging evidence shows that yoga improves glycaemic control, autonomic balance and neuro-endocrine functioning in individuals with T2DM. Thus, we show that yoga as a complementary therapeutic approach to mitigate neuro-immunological dysregulation and enhance cardiovascular health in T2DM.

Keywords

Type 2 diabetes mellitus, autonomic dysfunction, yoga therapy, cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy, glycaemic control, lifestyle intervention.

Citation

Rukadikar et al. Bioinformation 21(12): 4777-4784 (2025)

Edited by

Hiroj Bagde

ISSN

0973-2063

Publisher

Biomedical Informatics

License

This is an Open Access article which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. This is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.