Title
Effect of brainwave entrainment on sleep quality among MBBS students in India
Authors
Varun Malhotra1, Abhay Gupta1*, Danish Javed2*, Francisco Jose Cidral-Filho3,4,5 & Patrick K Porter6,7
Affiliation
1Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS), Bhopal, India; 2Department of AYUSH, All India Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India; 3Department of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Experimental Neurosciences (LaNEx), University of South Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Brazil; 4Integrative Wellbeing Institute, Windermere, Florida, USA; 5Research Laboratory of Posturology and Neuromodulation (RELPON), Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; 6Department of Neuro-Linguistic Programming and Hypnotherapy, Quantum University, Honolulu, HI, USA; 7Department of Mind Based Studies, BrainTap INC, New Bern, North Carolina, USA; *Corresponding author
Varun Malhotra - E-mail: varun.physiology@aiimsbhopal.edu.in Abhay Gupta - E-mail: abhay.mbbs2024@aiimsbhopal.edu.in Danish Javed - E-mail: danish.ayush@aiimsbhopal.edu.in Francisco Jose Cidral-Filho - E-mail: fcidral@integrativewellbeing.institute Patrick K Porter - E-mail: pporter@braintap.com
Article Type
Research Article
Date
Received January 1, 2026; Revised January 31, 2026; Accepted January 31, 2026, Published January 31, 2026
Abstract
Brainwave entrainment (BWE) synchronizes neural oscillations using rhythmic auditory and photic stimuli. Therefore, it is of interest to study the immediate effect of a single delta -wave BWE session using the BrainTap headset on sleep parameters among medical students. Hence, twenty-six participants underwent one BWE session, with sleep metrics recorded pre - and post -session using a smartwatch. Delta -wave BWE was associated with significant improvements in sleep score, total sleep duration, light sleep and deep sleep, with reduced nocturnal awakenings. Thus, we show delta -frequency BWE may serve as a non-pharmacological aid for enhancing sleep quality.
Keywords
Brainwave entrainment; sleep architecture; auditory stimulation; sleep quality
Citation
Malhotra et al. Bioinformation 22(1): 122-127 (2026)
Edited by
P Kangueane
ISSN
0973-2063
Publisher
License
This is an Open Access article which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. This is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.
