Title

Emerging trends in enamel remineralization

Authors

Mehar Kaur¹,*, Barbara Vigas², Syeda Jaffari³, Salina Manandhar⁴, Tuga Elhaboub⁵ & Oreoluwa Tedela⁶

Affiliation

¹Department of Dental Surgery, Sudha Rustagi College of Dental Sciences &Research, Faridabad, India; ²Department of Dental Prosthetics, Faculdade do Amazonas (IAES), Manaus, AM, Brazil; ³Department of Dental Surgery, Islamabad Medical and Dental College, Islamabad, Pakistan, India; ⁴Department of Dental Surgery, Rangpur Community Medical and Dental College and Hospital, Rangpur, Bangladesh; ⁵Department of Dental Surgery, Alneelain University, Khartoum, Sudan; ⁶Department of Dental Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; *Corresponding author

Email

Mehar Kaur - E-mail: drmeharkaur@icloud.com
Barbara Vigas - E-mail: barbara@fblimports.com
Syeda Jaffari - E-mail: drmadiharizvi@gmail.com
Salina Manandhar - E-mail: sl.salinama@gmail.com
Tuga Elhaboub - E-mail: tugaa998@gmail.com
Oreoluwa Tedela - E-mail: oreoluwa.tedela@dal.ca

Article Type

Review

Date

Received January 1, 2026; Revised January 31, 2026; Accepted January 31, 2026, Published January 31, 2026

Abstract

The enamel of our teeth is heavily mineralized and undergoes repeated cycles of demineralization and remineralization. Despite long-term use of fluorides, ACP-CPP and bioactive glass as remineralizing agents, their limited properties prevent complete restoration of the enamel’s hierarchical structure, leading to the introduction of biomimetic agents that mimic the natural formation of enamel while also exhibiting antibacterial effects. Biomimetic strategies include amelogenin-derived peptides, chitosan hydrogels and Poly (amidoamine) dendrimers (PAMAM). Nanotechnology integrates nano-hydroxyapatite and calcium salts into weakened enamel. At the same time, smart materials incorporate pH-responsive composites and ion-releasing sealants that target remineralization and exhibit antimicrobial effects under cariogenic conditions. While these approaches show promising results, their routine clinical adoption requires additional cost, scalability and regulatory challenges

Keywords

Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP-CPP), biomimetic agents, amelogenin-derived peptides, chitosan hydrogels, PAMAM dendrimers, nano-technology

Citation

Kaur et al. Bioinformation 22(1): 373-378 (2026)

Edited by

Rashmi Laddha

ISSN

0973-2063

Publisher

Biomedical Informatics

License

This is an Open Access article which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. This is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.