Title

Mortality comparison in acute myocardial infarction patients according to presence versus absence of traditional modifiable cardiovascular risk factors

Authors

Jitendra Kanjolia¹, Ashis Tiwari¹, Sukh Dayal Kumhar¹, Praveen Kumar Tagore^1,*, Shivani Parihar² & Abha Bardiya³

Affiliation

¹Department of General Medicine, Government Medical college, Datia, Madhya Pradesh, India; ²Department of Pathology, Chirayu Medical College, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India; ³Department of Anaesthesiology, Shyam Shah Medical College, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India; *Corresponding author

Email

Jitendra Kanjolia - E-mail: jitendrakanjolia@gmail.com
Ashis Tiwari - E-mail: ashishtiwari.gwldr@gmail.com
Sukh Dayal Kumhar - E-mail: dr.sd.prajapati@gmail.com
Praveen Kumar Tagore - E-mail: tagore.praveen@gmail.com
Shivani Parihar - E-mail: drshivaniparihar199@gmail.com
Abha Bardiya - E-mail: bardiya.abha@gmail.com

Article Type

Research Article

Date

Received February 1, 2026; Revised February 28, 2026; Accepted February 28, 2026, Published February 28, 2026

Abstract

Standard modifiable cardiovascular risk factors (SMuRFs) like hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and smoking strongly predict AMI, yet many patients lack these. This retrospective cohort study analyzed 580 consecutive Type 1 AMI admissions, stratifying into SMuRF-less (0 factors) versus those with ≥1 SMuRF. SMuRF-less patients showed significantly higher in-hospital mortality (10.9% vs. 5.2%, p=0.03). They also exhibited increased cardiogenic shock frequency compared to the SMuRF-present group. SMuRF-less AMI advances understanding by revealing paradoxical mortality risk, necessitating expanded screening beyond traditional factors.

Keywords

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI), SMuRFs, mortality, risk factor paradox, cardiogenic shock.

Citation

Kanjolia et al. Bioinformation 22(2): 917-921 (2026)

Edited by

Vini Mehta

ISSN

0973-2063

Publisher

Biomedical Informatics

License

This is an Open Access article which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. This is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.