Title

Association of cigarette smoking intensity and pack-years with metabolic syndrome - A cross-sectional study

Authors

Nishath Sayed Abdul^1,*, Shivakumar Ganiga Channaiah² & Shubham Patel³

Affiliation

¹Department of Oral Pathology, People’s College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, People’s University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India; ²Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, People's College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Peoples University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India; ³Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, People's College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Peoples University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India; *Corresponding author

Email

Nishath Sayed Abdul - E-mail: nishath2026@gmail.com
Shivakumar Ganiga Channaiah - E-mail: shiva21375@gmail.com
Shubham Patel - E-mail: shubham2194.sp@gmail.com

Article Type

Research Article

Date

Received February 1, 2026; Revised February 28, 2026; Accepted February 28, 2026, Published February 28, 2026

Abstract

The relationship between cigarette smoking intensity, cumulative exposure and metabolic syndrome remains inadequately characterized despite smoking being a known metabolic risk factor. Therefore, it is of interest to examine the association of smoking status, intensity and pack-years with metabolic syndrome and its individual components among 200 adults using standardized questionnaires and logistic regression analysis. Metabolic syndrome was present in 35.0% of participants and showed a progressive increase from never smokers (24.4%) to former smokers (35.0%) and current smokers (48.6%). Among current smokers, prevalence rose in a dose-dependent manner from light to heavy smoking and was accompanied by higher frequencies of central obesity, low HDL cholesterol and elevated triglycerides. Both smoking intensity and cumulative pack-year exposure were independently associated with a graded increase in the prevalence and odds of metabolic syndrome. By showing a distinct dose-dependent relationship between cigarette smoking intensity, cumulative pack-years, and metabolic syndrome instead of evaluating smoking status alone, the current study builds on previous research. In addition to highlighting cumulative smoking exposure as an independent and clinically significant predictor of metabolic syndrome, this offers more support for quantitative risk stratification.

Keywords

Cigarette smoking; pack-years; smoking intensity; metabolic syndrome; cardiometabolic risk; cross-sectional study

Citation

Abdul et al. Bioinformation 22(2): 966-973 (2026)

Edited by

Hiroj Bagde

ISSN

0973-2063

Publisher

Biomedical Informatics

License

This is an Open Access article which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. This is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.