Title
Coronary artery calcium scoring for cardiovascular risk stratification: A prospective cohort study
Authors
Elangovan Raman1, Aishwarya Kankipati Sailaxmi2, Amoolya Rao Amaravadhi3, Sophia Aldrine Suresh4, Manvitha Bachala5, Jyoti Saikia6,* & Kosmita Karki7
Affiliation
1Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Internal Medicine, Madras Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; 2Depertment of Medicine, Ramaiah Medical College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India; 3Department of General Medicine, Malla Reddy Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India; 4Department of Medicine, Evya Multispeciality Hospitals, Hyderabad, Telangana, India; 5Department of Medicine, Amara Hospitals, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India; 6Department of Internal Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, International Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India; 7Department of Medicine, Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Fulbari, Pokhara - 11 , Kaski 33700, Nepal; *Corresponding author
Elangovan Raman - E-mail: elangovan.r14@gmail.com; Phone: +91 9080155257
Aishwarya Kankipati Sailaxmi - E-mail: aishwaryaksl.2512@gmail.com; Phone: +91 9980646839
Amoolya Rao Amaravadhi - E-mail: amoolyarao99@gmail.com; Phone: +91 8328004161
Sophia Aldrine Suresh - E-mail: sophiaaldrine7@gmail.com; Phone: +91 7022963720
Manvitha Bachala - E-mail: manvithareddy820@gmail.com; Phone: +91 9133680393
Jyoti Saikia - E-mail: bijoysaikia12@gmail.com; Phone: +91 8486987818/+44 7398222633
Kosmita Karki - E-mail: kosmitakarki1@gmail.com; Phone: +977 9841198734
Article Type
Research Article
Date
Received April 1, 2026; Revised April 30, 2026; Accepted April 30, 2026, Published April 30, 2026
Abstract
Traditional cardiovascular risk models fail to detect subclinical atherosclerosis in a substantial proportion of asymptomatic individuals. Therefore, it is of interest to evaluate the prognostic value of coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring in predicting major adverse cardiovascular events over five years. Higher CAC categories were associated with progressively increased myocardial infarction, stroke and cardiovascular mortality, with CAC ≥400 demonstrating the highest event burden. Each 100-unit increase in CAC score independently increased cardiovascular risk nearly twofold (HR 1.92, p=0.001). Thus, addition of CAC scoring to traditional risk models significantly improved risk stratification with a net reclassification improvement of 0.24.
Keywords
Coronary artery calcium (CAC), cardiovascular risk, atherosclerosis, computed tomography, coronary artery disease (CAD), risk stratification, major adverse cardiovascular events
Citation
Raman et al. Bioinformation 22(4): 2010-2014 (2026)
Edited by
A Prashanth
ISSN
0973-2063
Publisher
License
This is an Open Access article which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. This is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.
