Title

Assessment of golden proportion and gingival aesthetic line classification in maxillary anterior teeth: A cross-sectional digital photographic analysis

Authors

Shouq Abdulrahman AlMathami^1,*, Abdulrahman Ahmed Ismail¹, Mohammed Ghazi Sghaireen¹ & Doaa Abdelaziz A. Helal^1,2

Affiliation

¹Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72345, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia; ²Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Beni-Suef University, Egypt; *Corresponding author

Email

Shouq Abdulrahman AlMathami - E-mail: Shou8.3.m@hotmail.com
Abdulrahman Ahmed Ismail - E-mail: abadyismail28@gmail.com
Mohammed Ghazi Sghaireen - E-mail: dr.mohammed.sghaireen@jodent.org
Doaa Abdelaziz A. Helal - E-mail: daahmed@ju.edu.sa

Article Type

Research Article

Date

Received April 1, 2026; Revised April 30, 2026; Accepted April 30, 2026, Published April 30, 2026

Abstract

The applicability of the golden proportion and gingival aesthetic line harmony in natural anterior dentitions remains controversial across different populations. Therefore, it is of interest to evaluate the presence of the golden proportion and gingival aesthetic line characteristics in maxillary anterior teeth among 200 adults using standardized digital photographic analysis. Mesiodistal tooth width ratios were calculated and compared with the theoretical golden ratio (0.618), while gingival zenith positions and gingival line patterns were also assessed. The results showed that both lateral-to-central incisor and canine-to-lateral incisor ratios significantly deviated from the golden proportion, whereas Class I gingival aesthetic line patterns were more consistently observed. Thus, we show that natural anterior aesthetics are not governed by strict mathematical proportions, emphasizing the importance of individualized treatment planning over formula-based approaches.

Keywords

Golden proportion; gingival aesthetic line; gingival zenith; maxillary anterior teeth; dental aesthetics; digital photographic analysis

Citation

AIMathami et al. Bioinformation 22(4): 2496-2501 (2026)

Edited by

Hiroj Bagde

ISSN

0973-2063

Publisher

Biomedical Informatics

License

This is an Open Access article which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. This is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.