Title

A comparative study of salivary biomarkers for periodontal disease among smokers and non-smokers

Authors

Anusha Pulluri¹, Saloni Tomar², Nabiha Naureen Syeda³, Florence K Priya⁴, Vaz Rachel Reemal⁵ & Naseemoon Shaik^6,*

Affiliation

¹Department of Dentistry, Sri Sai College of Dental Surgery, Moinabad, Telangana, India; ²Department of Dentistry, Kennedy Dental Center, Union City, NJ 07087, USA; ³Department of Dentistry, Sri Balaji Dental College, Moinabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India; ⁴Department of Public Health Dentistry, Neuro and Dental Care, Secunderabad, Telangana, India; ⁵Department of Dentistry, KVG Dental College Hospital, Sullia, Karnataka, India; ⁶Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, MNR Dental College and Hospital, Sangareddy, Telangana, India; *Corresponding author

Email

Anusha Pulluri - E-mail: anushapulluri1994@gmail.com
Saloni Tomar - E-mail: salonitomar301@gmail.com
Nabiha Naureen Syeda - E-mail: Nabihanaureensyeda24@gmail.com
Florence K Priya - E-mail: drkamalapriya20@gmail.com
Vaz Rachel Reemal - E-mail: vazrachelreemal@gmail.com
Naseemoon Shaik - E-mail: dr.naseemoonshaik@gmail.com

Article Type

Research Article

Date

Received May 1, 2026; Revised May 31, 2026; Accepted May 31, 2026, Published May 31, 2026

Abstract

There is a need to understand how smoking alters salivary biomarkers and periodontal disease severity. Therefore, it is of interest to evaluate salivary biomarkers in smokers and non-smokers with chronic periodontitis. Hence, a cross-sectional design included 100 subjects, with clinical parameters and salivary biomarkers analyzed using ELISA and SPSS. Smokers showed significantly higher periodontal parameters and elevated inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, with reduced antioxidant levels. Thus, we show salivary biomarkers as reliable non-invasive indicators for monitoring periodontal disease, especially in smokers. Salivary biomarkers can serve as effective, non-invasive tools for diagnosis and disease monitoring, particularly in smokers.

Keywords

Salivary biomarkers, periodontal disease, smoking, oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines

Citation

Pulluri et al. Bioinformation 22(5): 2828-2832 (2026)

Edited by

Ritik Kashwani

ISSN

0973-2063

Publisher

Biomedical Informatics

License

This is an Open Access article which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. This is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.