Title

Wound healing patterns after clean surgical procedures: A prospective observational comparative study

Authors

Anupam Shukla¹ & Mukul Singh^2,*

Affiliation

¹Department of General Surgery, HBT Medical College & Dr. R. N. Cooper General Municipal Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India; ²Department of General Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India; *Corresponding author

Email

Anupam Shukla - E-mail: anupam_2000@hotmail.com

Mukul Singh - E-mail: singhmukul3911@gmail.com

Article Type

Research Article

Date

Received July 1, 2026; Revised July 31, 2026; Accepted July 31, 2026, Published July 31, 2026
 

Abstract

Impaired wound healing after clean surgical procedures remains a significant clinical challenge, increasing morbidity, healthcare costs and recovery time. Hence, 150 patients undergoing elective clean surgical procedures were evaluated for wound healing outcomes following primary closure (n=75) or secondary intention healing (n=75) over 90 days. Primary closure achieved significantly faster healing (10.6 ± 3.2 vs. 24.8 ± 7.4 days; p<0.001), lower surgical site infection rates (5.3% vs. 17.3%; p=0.01) and better cosmetic outcomes (85.3% vs. 62.7%; p=0.001). Diabetes, elevated body mass index, hypoalbuminaemia and prolonged operative duration were identified as independent predictors of delayed wound healing. Thus, data shows the prospectively validated risk profile and providing evidence-based targets for perioperative optimisation to improve wound healing outcomes.

Keywords

Wound healing, clean surgical wound, surgical site infection, ASEPSIS score, primary closure, secondary intention, and wound dehiscence, perioperative risk factors

Citation

Shukla & Singh Bioinformation 22(7): 3929-3933 (2026)

Edited by

Ruby Singh

ISSN

0973-2063

Publisher

Biomedical Informatics

License

This is an Open Access article which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. This is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.